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Univariate and Bivariate Loglinear Models for Discrete Test Score Distributions

Author(s):
Holland, Paul W.; Thayer, Dorothy T.
Publication Year:
1998
Report Number:
RR-98-27
Source:
ETS Research Report
Document Type:
Report
Page Count:
90
Subject/Key Words:
Score Distribution, Probability, Statistical Analysis, Statistical Distributions, Educational Testing, Estimation (Mathematics)

Abstract

The well-developed theory of exponential families of distributions is applied to the problem of fitting the univariate histograms and discrete bivariate frequency distributions that often arise in the analysis of test scores. These models are powerful tools for many forms of parametric data smoothing and are particularly well-suited to problems where there is little or no theory to guide a choice of probability models, e.g., smoothing a distribution to eliminate roughness and zero frequencies in order to equate scores from different tests. Attention is given to efficient computation of the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters using Newton's method and to computationally efficient methods for obtaining the asymptotic standard errors of the fitted frequencies and proportions. Tools that can be used to diagnose the quality of the fitted frequencies for both the univariate and bivariate cases are discussed. Five examples, using real data, are used to illustrate the methods of this paper.

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